【祈福英语实验学校（中学）】中美班生物研究项目

【祈福英语实验学校（中学）】中美班生物研究项目王阿琰 Scientific research projects and reports are an essential part of any academic curriculum. Scientists have piloted a long path of development making discoveries and und

王阿琰

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Scientific research projects and reports are an essential part of any academic curriculum. Scientists have piloted a long path of development making discoveries and undertaking researches to seek out the deep hidden truth of the earth and universe. The words of Karl Pearson are very true, "There is no short cut to truth, no way to gain knowledge of the universe except through the gateway of Scientific method." Scientific research aims to seek and create some fundamental truths by providing enough evidence and proof. It also aims to review what has already been recognized as a fundamental truth, to find out new designs from the reliable scientific theories and to further modify existing ideas. A scientific project may be viewed as the executional part of a research within a limited scope. The aim of academic curriculum scientific projects is to make the students familiar with practical studies, such as laboratories experiments and greenhouse/field projects, and prepare them for future scientific researches.

科研课题和结题报告是学术课程的重要构成部分。在人类探索地球和宇宙奥秘的漫长道路上，科学家们一直以来都在孜孜不倦、锲而不舍地做着各种研究。著名数学家卡尔·皮尔逊曾给我们留下一句名言：“真理的获取无捷径；科学是敲开宇宙知识大门的唯一途径。”科研的目的在于以强有力的证据推断并得出真理。有些科研项目还会重新审核已被公认为真理的理论，从真理中再发掘出全新、可靠的科学理论，从而进一步完善现有真理。从某种意义上说，科研课题是某项研究的实施部分。在学校开展学术课题科研项目，学生们可以从中熟悉各种实操研究，如实验室试验和植物园/实地项目；还可以让孩子们对科学研究有个初步概念，给他们将来做科研打下基础。

What is the scientific method? The scientific method entails the following:

1. Observe – Make observations of a phenomenon in nature

2. Question – Ask a question or identify a problem

3. Research – Search for existing answers or solutions (e.g. scientific articles, books and the Internet)

4. Hypothesize – Formulate a Hypothesis; an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true

5. Experiment – Design and form an experiment

6. Test Hypothesis – Accept or reject Hypothesis

7. Report – Share your ideas

科学方法是什么？科学方法包括以下要素：

1.观察——观察一个自然现象

2.问题——提出一个问题或发现一个问题

3.研究——寻找答案或解决方案（如：科学论文、书籍或互联网）

4.假设——提出一个假设、一个推测或一个想法，随后的课题讨论将检验这个假设、推测或想法是否是真理

5.实验——设计并组织实验

6.检验假设——假设成立或假设不成立

7.结题报告——观点分享

The Chinese-American High School Biology (Grade 12) students have decided to embark on a scientific journey that involves various projects in and around the school’s greenhouse. They have come up with 5 different ideas (projects), which involve the testing, comparing and evaluating the growth of 3 types of lettuces and 2 types of Carnations (cut flowers).

中美班高中生物课（12年级）学生借此良机，义无反顾地踏上了科学征程。学生们在学校植物园里开展了三种生菜和二种康乃馨共五个种植课题，在课题进行过程中，学生们对它们的成长过程进行了测试、对比和评估。

Two main grow mediums were chosen for the 5 different projects; the growth of the plants in pots and hydroponics. The reasons for growing the different plants in pots are, a better control over variables for testing optimum soil mixtures, amount of fertilizer needed, different sunlight intensities, optimum amount of water for better plant growth, etc. The other grow medium is hydroponics. The word hydroponics come from Greek for “working with water,” and is a method of growing plants in nutrient-rich liquid instead of soil. This can be done outside during warm weather or indoors year-round, and has many advantages, such as no weeding, fast growth, high yields in a small space, no critters stealing crops, clean vegetables, ease of harvest, consistent quality, no soil-related insects or diseases, and it can be done in a tiny space, a small yard, the rooftop of an apartment building, and even indoors. The type of hydroponics system available is the nutrient film technique. This system depends on a constantly flowing stream of water to feed the plants, with their roots dangling down as if dipping their toes in a gentle mountain stream.

每种植物都用了两种种植方式，一种是盆栽种植。盆栽种植可以更好地测试及掌控最适宜植物生长的土壤混合物、所需施肥量、不同的光照强度和浇水量等各种变量。另一种种植方式是水培。水培的英语说法“hydroponics”出自希腊语，在希腊语中它指的是“用水工作”，即用营养水而非土壤来种植植物的方法。水培可以常年在室内进行，天气暖和的时候也可以在室外进行。水培有很多优势，如不用除杂草，生长快速，在小空间里高产，没有动物偷吃庄稼，蔬菜干净，收割轻松，质量稳定，不会有土壤带来的昆虫或疾病，还可以在很小的空间里完成，像小庭院、公寓楼屋顶，甚至在室内都不会受到限制。现有的水培机制可采用营养液膜栽培技术。水培机制利用持续的水流浇灌植物，植物的根部垂在水流中，犹如垂髫稚子在山中淘气地用趾尖戏水，并怡然自乐。

One of the most important and fundamental aspect of the projects is the experiment design. Any experiment consists of an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group is a test sample or the group that receives an experimental procedure. This group is exposed to changes in the independent variable being tested. The values of the independent variable and the impact on the dependent variable are recorded. An experiment may include multiple experimental groups at one time. A control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment so that the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results. This isolates the independent variable's effects on the experiment and can help rule out alternative explanations of the experimental results.

此次种植课题中最重要、最根本的一个要素是实验设计。所有科学实验都会分为实验组与对照组两组来进行。实验组是实验样品或是接受整套实验流程的小组。实验组因被试验的自变量变化而变化，同时记录自变量数值和因变量的影响。一个实验可能包含多个实验组。对照组的实验是和其它实验分开进行的，这样被试验的自变量就不会对结果造成影响，自变量对实验的影响因而也独立开来，对实验结果的其它可能的解释也得以排除。

First, the Chinese-American High School Biology students came up with different scientific proposals and detailed plans how to embark on this research journey. The proposals entailed a literature review of similar studies (research part of the scientific method), the aim of the study, a hypothesis, an experimental design with detailed survey forms, etc.

实验第一步，中美班生物课的学生们启动科研课题，提出多个不同的科学建议和详细计划。科学建议内容包括：相似研究的文献综述（科学方法的研究部分）、研究目的、假设、有详细调查表格的实验设计等。

Next, the students started the practical phase of the projects by growing the different plants from seeds. After 2 or 3 weeks, the seedlings were transferred to the different grow mediums (pots and hydroponics systems).

第二步，进入课题实操阶段。学生们开始培养五种植物的种子。两三个星期后，种子长成幼苗，把幼苗移植到不同的生长媒介中，即分开进行水培或盆栽种植。

After that, the students have started to do weekly surveys to determine the growth of the different plants under different conditions and in grow mediums. This part of the project is very important, because the surveyed values of growth determine the outcomes or results of the projects. It will also be used to test the different Hypotheses and for accepting or rejecting the different hypotheses.

随后，学生们每周都细致观察记录植物的变化，分析各种植物在不同条件和不同媒介中的生长情况。这一步骤尤为重要，因为调查记录分析所得数值决定了课题研究最后得出的结果。这些数值也会用来检验学生们提出的不同假设是否成立。

Over the duration of the projects, the students need to learn how to take pH and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements, to make sure the plants grow in optimum conditions. The correct water pH is important for plants, especially for growing in hydropic systems. If a prolonged change in pH occurs, then a nutrient lockout will happen. As the conditions slide too far towards the acidic or alkaline sides of the pH scale, plants are no longer able to uptake adequate amounts of the minerals they need from fertilizers. The EC measurements (the most accurate way to measure nutrient concentration in solutions) are very important to determine how much fertilizer is needed for optimum growing conditions.

项目进行的整个过程中，学生们要学习如何测定酸碱度（pH值）和电导率。水的pH值对植物生长非常关键，尤其在水培过程中，pH值更是重中之重。如果pH值发生了长时间的变化，则植物的营养供给会受阻。当pH值突然出现过酸或过碱的情况时，植物就难以从肥料中吸收足够的矿物质来保持健康生长。施肥量的多少是决定植物是否能达到最佳生长状态的关键要素之一，电导率（测定溶液营养浓度最精确的方法）的测定可以很好地确定所需施肥量。

Finally, it is essential for the students to write a scientific report in the form of a scientific article for sharing their ideas and results.

最后一步，亦是必不可少的一步，学生们要写一篇科研论文格式的结题报告，在这份报告中跟读者分享想法和实验结果。

The following 5 research projects of the Biology students can be seen in the photos.The projects are as follows:

1.To compare and evaluate different light intensities for optimum growth of two different lettuces

2.To compare and evaluate different soil mixtures for optimum growth of one type of lettuce

3.To compare and evaluate different grow mediums (pots and hydroponics) for the three types of lettuces

4.To compare and evaluate different amount of fertilize in pots and hydroponics for optimum growth of the different carnations

5.To compare and evaluate different amount of water needed in pots for optimum growth of the different carnations

上述照片中我们看到了生物课学生们研究的以下五个科研课题：

1.比较并评估最适宜两种不同生菜生长的不同光照强度

2.比较并评估最适宜某种生菜生长的土壤混合物

3.比较并评估不同生长媒介（水培和盆栽）下三种生菜的生长情况

4.比较并评估不同生长媒介（水培和盆栽）下最适宜各种康乃馨生长的施肥量

5.比较并评估水培条件下最适宜各种康乃馨生长的浇水量

Additional studies, the evaluation and comparison of different herbs in hydroponics, will be started soon. The students are also planning future studies, such as to evaluate the growth of strawberries in different grow mediums (pots and hydronics).

紧接着这一科研课题，学生们即将开始评估、对比水培条件下不同草本植物的生长情况。学生们还在计划更多的科研课题，如研究草莓在水培和盆栽条件下的不同生长过程。

If everything goes well, the students are also planning to sell their results (the vegetables) to fund their research projects and to make the area in and around the greenhouse a sustainable and self-sufficient “research house”.

课题结束的时候，学生们会售卖悉心栽培所得蔬菜，销售所得资金将再次投入到新的课题研究中，如此这般，学校的植物园得以建成为一所持续有效、自给自足的“科研乐园”。